One explanation involves a malfunction in the system of REM sleep, which explained some of the classic symptoms such as cataplexy as it accompanies REM sleep. Montplaiser (2007) tested 16 participants with narcolepsy and cataplexy, finding that they had high percentage of REM sleep, though this may be a cause or effect of the conditions. Most explanations of narcolepsy have been biological, though there have been some successful attempts to provide psychodynamic explanations such as Lehrman and Weiss (1943) suggested that sudden attacks of sleepiness disguise sexual fantasies. However these research is falsifiable as it is impossible to directly study these explanations. Also it is clear that there is a genetic component to narcolepsy.
3. In research on the decompression of pregnant rats, the independent variable is ______, a dependent variable is ________, and a control variable is _______________. a. Reduced air pressure; behavioral tests; strain of the rat b. Body weight; climbing ability; time of day c. Atmospheric pressure; age of rat; climbing ability d. Number of decompressions; body weight; home cage e. Experimental group; control group; test performance 4.
When babies are born they can recognise familiar sounds and have developed some taste. Each new experience that changes behaviour is called learning, if the experience is repeated or the stimulus is strong more nerve impulses are sent along the new pathway. This reinforces the learning process. Repetition strengthens the connections between neurons. Research helps us look into the importance of sleep, as it shows it helps our bodies to repair themselves and our brains to look at our memories and process information.
There are now new studies out that have yielded results showing that stimulations or lesions in to the ventral medial prefrontal cortex can accelerate the extinction process (Mohammed & Quirk, 2002). There are other new studies that have shown other parts of the brain such as areas of the hippocampus help to speed up extinction (Maren and Holt, 2004; Keene and Bucci, 2008). All of these studies are of particular interest to researchers because their findings may help in treating people that are suffering from anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Before these procedures can be used on human subjects it is important that researchers narrow down which area of the brain not only speeds up the extinction process but does it with the least amount of side effects. Some researchers have proposed that the ventral medial prefrontal cortex plays a key component in fear conditioning (Baratta et al., 2000).
However privation has much more serious long-term effects such as 'affectionless psycopathy', 'developmental retardation' and other negative effects on emotional and social development. Deprivation is reversible if substitute care is available during the bond separation but it is unclear as to whether or not the effects of privation are reversible; isolation case studies and research into the effects of institutionalisation look at the effects privation can have on a child's development. Hodges and Tizard (1989) undertook a study to find out whether early privation did have long-term effects. They carried out a longitudinal study of 65 children placed in one institution at less than four months old, an age at which it is believed children do not yet have attachments. In institutions caretakers are discouraged from forming attachments with children and there is a high turnover of staff, meaning children don't have the opportunity to form a long, continuous relationship with an adult.
Brain Plasticity To begin with, brain plasticity is the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure, and its function over a lifetime, in reaction to environmental diversity. This term is used to refer to changes at many levels in the nervous system ranging from molecular events, such as gene expressions to behavior. Three main forms of plasticity occur in the human brain, and is lectured in Psychology throughout the world: Synaptic plasticity, Neurogenesis Plasticity, and functional compensatory processing. The key element for the discovery of Plasticity focuses on the theory that brain changes development over time. Synaptic Plasticity explains how the brain changes and adapts in fundamental ways.
Introduction The concept of sensory deprivation is a rather foreign concept in present day households. Defined by the Oxford University Press (2013) Sensory Deprivation is "a process by which someone is deprived of normal external stimuli such as sight and sound for an extended period of time”. Studies performed by Kjellgren (2008) and Forgays (1992) have provided evidence supporting an increase in creativity and enhanced learning skills of subjects regularly experiencing sensory deprived environments. Hutchinson (1984) states that deprivation environments mimic the stimulation of deep mediation, allowing anindividual's brain to focus solely on internal stimuli, while ignoring the entirety of their externalsurroundings. The environment permits the brain to function in an extremely rare setting, which is never experienced naturally.
Each of these factors may contain their own unique causes and dimensions, creating an even more complex situation. Development is Multidirectional Development happens in multiple directions. Some areas of development may grow, while others shrink. There are gains and losses at every age, however there are relatively more gains earlier in life. Development is Plastic Development plasticity refers to the ability of an individual to change.
Brain development can be reliant on the mere growth of a person and is diverse among different people. The second factor that impacts human growth and development is experience. Everyone deals with different stresses in life both good and bad. Experience will most certainly effect growth and development because this very thing can either force more of a mature development both mentally and physically. One example is that adopted children experience far more difficulty in developing positive relationships than unhealthy relationships.
Importance in the Brain 1 Understanding the human brain and how it develops could further our theory on how children develop. The brain is very complex and there have been multiple tests on how the brain works which would give answers to how children think, raised and developed. Knowing how long the brain takes to develop will also give a hint of reasoning on why children conduct wrong and correct decisions. Parents around the world want to raise their children in a correct manner, making the knowledge of the brain very important. If parents knew what power the brain possessed then the guidance for there child would insure simplicity with the process of development.