The behaviour changes resulting from this procedure included a loss of fear and a marked taming effect, therefore a reduction in aggression. This concludes that the amygdala is a neural mechanism involved with aggressive behaviour. A strength of this research is that there is supporting evidence from Narabayashi (1972), who found that 43 out of 58 patients showed an improvement in aggressive behaviour after they received operations to have their amygdala removed. This is a strength because converging evidence increases the reliability of the idea that the amygdala is involved in aggression. As there is converging evidence from both human and animal research, this means there is continuity of function.
Discuss two or more psychological explanations of phobic disorders (8 marks + 16 marks) One psychological explanation for phobic disorders can be explained by the behavioural approach. This approach proposes that phobias are acquired through conditioning. The case study of Little Albert showed he developed a fear of white furry objects through classical conditioning as he had experienced a furry rat, the neutral stimulus, being associated with a loud noise, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The UCS produced an unconditioned response of fear and the furry object, now a conditioned stimulus, acquired the same properties so that when Albert saw it he cried because he was scared. Sue et al.
At the end of the study, it was seen that individuals with a CSP had significantly higher levels of antisocial personality, psychopathy, criminal charges and convictions compared with those lacking a CSP (Raine et al, 2010). The association between cavum septum pellucidum and the spectrum of antisocial behaviors supports a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy (Raine et al, 2010). Although further studies will be needed to delve into other areas to further strengthen the basis for this research, there seems to be sufficient reasons to believe that individuals with CSP are potentially at risk of developing antisocial personality
Psychological therapies were first brought about for patients who were having trouble adhering to medication due to the intolerable side effects that the biological therapies bring with them. They therefore needed a therapy that would have been more effective and appropriate for them to sustain their improvement. Two of the most common psychological therapies are Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Behaviorist psychologists see schizophrenia as a maladaptive behavior gained through learning experiences, which behavioral therapies can ‘correct’ and change into adaptive behaviors. The most successful form of behavioral therapy is the use of token economies.
Describe and evaluate neural mechanisms in aggression. (8 marks + 16 marks) Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has an important role in social decision-making by inhibiting aggressive social responses. Serotonin usually reduces aggression by preventing stimulation of the amygdala, a structure in the brain's limbic system. Stimulation of the amygdala increases aggressive behaviour but serotonin prevents stimulation, thereby reducing aggression. If there are low levels of serotonin in the brain, there is less inhibition of the amygdala.
This suggests that certain genetic factors may lead to abnormal functioning of areas of the brain causing illnesses such as OCD. In addition, there is a high concordance rate between identical twins and they are twice as likely to develop OCD if their twin has the disorder compared to non identical twins. Therefore this also shows how there are certain genes that cause OCD and that these genes may be hereditary. Another explanation for OCD is Neuroanatomical processes involving the OFC caudate nuclei loop. The loops involves the orbital frontal cortex which picks up on situations that we need to worry about and then sends this message on to the Caudate Nucleus which describes whether or not the message is important and if it deems yes, the message is passed on to the thalamus, which acts upon the received message.
It gave very useful information and outlined very critical components related to strokes. I like that it gave the signs and symptoms of a stroke and explained that medical attention is needed immediately because a medication could be given to lessen the effects or even reverse the potential damage caused by strokes. The only thing that could have been improved in the brochure is more detail about what to do if you have risk factors that could potentially lead to a stroke. It was stressed in the brochure to talk with your doctor who is very important, but it could have gone into greater detail about how to change lifestyle behaviors on your own, such as changing your diet, getting involved in more physical activity, and so
According to some authors Condition of an MSS configuration that can lead to an accident is defined as MSS risk. And the MSS risk analysis is defined as the procedure that is used to analyze the reason for system
30 Nov. 2011. In this book, Nora Volkow acknowledges the recent advances in genetics, molecular biology, behavioral neuro-pharmacology, and brain imaging to determine the process of addiction. In addition to the advancements in technology, research has also identified addiction as a chronic brain disease. Addiction involves complex interactions between numerous repeated behaviors, which are very similar to Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. On the contrary, Volkow also continued to conduct research to determine the cause of relapse and
A brain that may have a psychological or biological disorder can help with the understanding of the different areas of the brain. Neuroscience plays a large part of understanding the brain and its role in cognitive functioning. There is also a strong correlation between cognitive functioning in the person's experience the prefrontal cortex is responsible for making social judgments, weighing alternatives, preparing for the future, and keeping behavior under control (Willingham, 2007). Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and dementia can have great effects on cognitive function within the brain (Walstein & Elias, 2003). Not neurological diseases are not the only problems the brain cases because biological issues can be the cause for cognitive failures as well (Walstein & Elias,