60 middle-class Japanese infants 1 years old and their mothers were observed in the Strange Situation It was found that 68% of infants were classified as securely attached/ 32% as resistant-insecure / none were classified as avoidant-insecure The Japanese infants were extremely disturbed when left alone. This cultural variation can be explained in terms of different child care practices. In Japan, infants rarely experience separation from their mothers, which would explain why they were more distressed than the American counterparts. There are cross-cultural differences in the ways infants respond to separation. (AO1) Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg suggests that the cross culteral similarities they found might be explained by the effects of mass media which spreads
Michael Rutter and the case study of Romanian orphans in 1998 Aim: Rutter et al wanted to find if it was separation from the mother or the severe circumstances in Romania that was responsible for any negative effects Procedure: 111 Romanian children were assessed on a variety of measures of physical and intellectual ability when they arrived to Britain. Most of them had been in the orphanages from shortly after they were born. The children’s IQ was tested when they came in the UK and the average score for the Romanian orphans was 63.For those over 6 months the average was 45.Physical development was also poor,51% of them being in the bottom of 3% of the population for weight. They were also shorter in height than was normal for their age and had smaller head circumferences. The Romanian children were tested again at the age of 4 and compared to a control group of 52 British-adopted children who were 4 as well, who didn’t show any of the negative effects suffered by the Romanians.
Failure to form an attachment is known as privation, and research suggests that it can have long-lasting effects such as an inability to properly for attachments in adulthood and severe developmental problems. Privation can occur in cases of abuse towards the child, or simply in incidents where the child has no chance to form an attachment to a parental figure. Privation was researched through the use of the case study of Genie, a girl who was locked in a room by her father and stepmother until age 13 and a half. This lead to her not learning to respond properly in a social situation, and being unable to speak properly due to the effects of the punishment she received whenever she spoke. Psychologists have attributed this to the fact that the privation prevented her from forming an attachment or learning any language skills during the critical period of her life, up to two and a half years of age.
Outline and evaluate research into attachment privation Privation is when a child fails to form any attachments. A lot of research has been conducted into attachment privation and the effects caused by this lack of attachment. In 1969, Curtis conducted research into the case of Genie; a girl who suffered extreme cruelty from her father, and never formed any attachments. Her father kept her strapped to a high chair with a potty in a seat for most of her childhood. She was beaten if she made any sounds, and she did not have the chance to play with other toys and children.
The fathers were again assessed when their children were 21 months old. The Ruttter revised preschool scales served to measure children's emotional and behavioral development. Relevant information was available for 8431 fathers, 11,833 mothers, and 10,024 children. The likelihood of remaining in the study after 42 months was lessened by a high degree of symptomatic depression in mothers but not in fathers. EPDS scores for mothers and fathers correlated to a significant degree.
Melhuish (93) suggested that where variations in stable attachment occur, they are usually associated with the form of parenting such as divorce. Main and Cassidy (88) did research into stable attachment types by using a reunion test by which they analyse the reunion of child and parent after an hour of separation. Main and Cassidy observed this on 6 years whose attachment styles had been categorised when they were 1.They found that most of the children( 78% ) had the same attachment that they had when they were younger however in some cases the style changed but mostly because of major changes in
In his last refutation, he give a statistic of more than 1000 Michigan elementary school students; if they were born a member o the opposite sex, more than 40 percent of the girls are happy to being a boy, and ninety five percent of the boy feel uncomfortable to being a female. Finally, he includes his article with hoping the public and congress will not be taken in by the book’s misrepresentations. David is successful to convince me that male has more advantages than female does. At school, the boys’ score on the test are higher than girls’. The good behaviors of girl, such as paying attention, doing homework, being nice with teacher and classmate … just help girls get the high grade in record card.
In 1946 Spitz and Wolf undertook such a project, studying children in orphanages who had not formed attachments with a care giver or their parents before they entered the institution. It was found that the children suffered grave consequences and failed to thrive, they were deprived of stimulation and were often lying in cots alone. Spitz stated that the lack of stimulation these children received played a huge role in their decline. Regardless of the good nutrition and medical care received, over a third of these children were deceased by their first birthday (Gross and Kinnison, 2007). It compared these infants to babies born into a prison institution, who although had worse nutrition and medical care thrived under the care of their mothers and were all still alive by their first birthdays.
With that being said, the main effects of Ma’s unfortunate abduction result in seven long years of being held captive, Ma’s trauma and phases of depression which lead her to suicidal attempts, and most importantly, both a stumbling block and advantage, the bearing of her only son, Jack. Jack thinks there are “thousands of things to do” in Room. We know that for his mother it is a very different story. Although the story never shifts to her point of view, we understand the significance of her moods in a way that the innocent child telling the story can not. We feel her desperation and her sense that time is running out.
Rudolfe Schaffer and Peggy Emerson (1964) studied sixty babies at monthly intervals for the first eighteen months of life; and a regular pattern was identified in the development of attachment (Hardy, S. 1995). They discovered that attachment developed in the following sequence:- Birth to six months - this is the indiscriminate attachment phase, the newborn is predisposed to attach to any human; most babies respond equally to any caregiver. After four months - preference for certain people; infants learn to distinguish primary and secondary caregivers, but still except care from anyone. After seven months - special preference for a single attachment figure; the baby looks to particular people for security and comfort; they show fear of strangers and unhappiness when separated from a special person. After nine months – multiple attachment; the baby becomes increasingly independent and forms several attachments.