Black Racial Identity and Anger

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Conceptual Framework Racial identity theorists have contended that individuals process racial stimuli through various identity statuses (Carter, 1995). Racial identity statuses are thought to influence or shape aspects of self such race, racial group in relation to other non-dominant racial groups, and view of the dominant racial group. For Black Americans, racial identity includes four ego identity statuses; Pre Encounter, Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, and Internalization (Helms, Jernigan, & Mascher, 2005). Each ego identity status is associated with distinct cognitive, behavioral and affective states. Pre Encounter is associated with a worldview that contends that race is not salient to personality identity. Encounter is a status that is associated with confusion regarding the meaning of one’s race. Immersion-Emersion is associated with one identifying with Black culture and denigrating White culture. Internalization is associated with one internalizing Black culture, transcending racism and fighting general cultural oppression (Helms, J.E, & Parham, (1990). Anger is conceptualized as an instinctual drive (Hall, 1899) and Blacks are often stereotyped as angry and out of control with regard to their feelings and emotions (Franklin, 2004). Anger and its manifestations have been widely documented as a response to racism related experiences (Wade, 2006). Johnson and Greene (1991) found that for young Black men who were faced with a number of race-related anger-provoking situations; their feelings of anger were suppressed because of fear of negative consequences. Mabry & Kiecolt, (2005) have found that although Black Americans are consistently faced with situations that might provoke anger, they are more likely to suppress their anger for fear that the expression of strong emotions such as anger could have a potentially detrimental effect on their lives.
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