Five factor trait theory, and 3. Temperament model of personality can be adapted to account for variations in the personal, societal, and cultural factors discussed in this paper. How does the gene-environment interaction influence personality? A person’s genetic make-up in combination with a person’s environment form an individuals personality by interacting with each other. Abnormal or radical behavior could therefore “be explained by hereditary factors in combination with poor environmental conditions” (Oreland, Leppert, Hallman, Lindström, Nilsson, K., Sjöberg, R., …Öhrvik, J., 2006).
Environmental Determinism Environmental determinism was described by Semple (1911, p.620) as ‘the influence of climate upon race temperament’. Although quite a simple thought, it formed the basis of a notion that sparked major debate in the 19th but especially the 20th century, as to whether or not human society and its activities are indeed controlled by the physical environment in which they take place (Goodwin, 2005). The seeds for this notion of environment determinism were sown back in the 19th century. Through developing the ideas of evolutionary biology, it can be seen as geography’s way of entering the realms of modern science (Peet, 1985). Scientific thinkers of the time, Larmarck and Darwin have been credited for inspiring this notion of the environment impacting the biology and subsequent behavior of beings.
The right realist views closely match with those of the neo-conservative views in the 70s and 80s. They both argue that ‘nothing works’. Right realists are more concerned with solving crime rather than understanding the causes. Right realism favours increasing the cost paid by those who commit crimes by for example giving harsher sentencing. Right realists such as James Wilson and Richard Herrnstien put forward a biosocial theory of crime.
'Don't believe the hysteria about crime' as mentioned by Jock Young tells a lot about his insight and contributions to the area of criminology, that crime is not as easily thought to be defined by official statistics of both recorded and unrecorded crime but that it varies and changes with factors such as the offenders and the victims where the former are surprisingly not the main antagonist which leads us to consider the role played by the community as well as the criminal justice system. Professor Jock Young, born in 1942 is both an academic and an author. He is a professor of Sociology at the University of Kent and is both well-known and well-respected for his academic contributions to criminology in terms of published books, articles and writings. Some of his notable works would most definitely be the development of the Left Realism Criminology and the ground-breaking book, What is To Be Done About Law and Order (both along with John Lea) which since its first publication in 1984 has come to be considered an essential contribution to the development of a more down to earth approach to the problem of crime and its control. His main interests reside in the processes of social inclusion and exclusion and the role it plays in today’s modern world as seen in one of his personal favourite work, what is to be done?
A stimulus load theory proposes a theory of stance restriction to explain the fundamental phenomenon between stimuli and performance. Research is important in the field of environmental psychology because it brings about homeostatic balance between humans and nature by gathering facts from correlational studies, field experimentation, and laboratory experimentations (Stewart, 2007). Theoretical Approaches Environmental psychologist theories of individual psychology help to understand the fundamental interaction between behavior, experience, and environment. To that end, the theories that underlie the principles of EP borrow from the fields of psychology, anthropology, sociology,
INTRODUCTION In this paper the main focus will be on Sutherland’s Differential Association theory, and more specifically the first three propositions. This paper will also discuss how these three propositions are related to crime and the process of learning crime. Criminology, was previously dominated by medical and psychiatric fields, their view was that the causes of criminal behaviour could be found in biological and psychological abnormalities. Sutherland’s Differential Association theory decreased the favourability of the previous medical viewpoint. The differential association theory argued that crime was the result of environmental influences on people and not from biological and psychological abnormalities.
Within biological and environmental Psychology both fields share varied beliefs as to where criminological behaviour is derived. Is criminal behaviour inherited or is it down to effects of the environment? Biological psychology theorists (BPT) believe that the criminal is born that way whereas environmental psychology theorists (EPT) believe criminal behaviour is learned. There is a range of research studies that support both these arguments. Cesare Lombroso (CL) was a Psychiatrist that believed that criminals had common facial characteristics and that they were “born criminals” which he also referred to as “atavisms”.
Environmental Determinism And Environmental Probabilism, Is The Environment Really Influencing Human society? The fundamental of environmental determinism based on to emphasized the role of physical geography, particularly about climate, and how this physical environment in structuring human activities. There are two determinisms that I am going to discuss. The first one is called “Biological determinism”, this determinism is emphasized on the claims that behaviors is the result of internal factors, which means we human have no control about it. For example, these include genetic make-up; biological needs and evolutionary pressures.
He changed the way criminology is viewed today. He believed that criminal behaviour came into effect from learning and communicating with others and not something inherited. He placed no emphasis on the media involvement. Definition Differential association studies the acts of a criminal as learned behaviour. It maintains that crime is the product of environmental influences on individuals who are otherwise psychologically as well as biologically normal (Joubert, S. J., Joubert, E., Ovens, M. 2009).
Before, that individuals were believed to have control over their moods and directional approaches. Relating a criminal’s action to biology was not considered a defense. It was believed that crime originated from sin and moral failing. This view was changed when advancements in the social and natural sciences, mainly in genetics started to happen and more people started to accept that certain biological traits can cause crime, such as hormones or genetics. (Ferris, David, August 25, 2013) Hormones are not determined by the environment but instead biologically.