B) permanent dipoles of molecules containing covalent bonds between atoms of very different electronegativities. C) the hydrophobic effect. D) ion pairing between oppositely charged functional groups. Answer: A Page Ref: Section 5 28) The aggregation of nonpolar molecules or groups in water is thermodynamically due to the A) increased entropy of the nonpolar molecules when they associate. B) decreased enthalpy of the system.
Also, the more stable the free radical that is left behind, the weaker its C-H bond strength will be. The difference between the bromine and chlorine product ratios can be partially explained by the Hammond postulate, which states that species with similar energy levels also have more similar structures and react more quickly and less selectively. In the experiment, five different hydrocarbons were tested to measure the rate of reaction with the addition of bromine. Two trials were done, one with the test tubes containing the hydrocarbons and added bromine sitting directly under a lamp, and another with the test tubes in a closed, dark space. Both trials contained a
The shape and function of cell membranes depend on the interaction of polar water with nonpolar membrane molecules. What type of chemical bonding does water have? Answer: The atoms in water molecules are connected via covalent bonds, which means the hydrogen and oxygen share electrons (rather than taking electrons from each other as in in ionic bonds). The covalent bonds in water are very polar, which means that the oxygen has a partial negative charge and the hydrogens have partial positive charges. Because it is so polar, water can form hydrogen bonds, where the oxygen from one molecule of water has a strong attraction to the hydrogen atoms in another molecule of water.
The question is, how can you determine which liquids have a strong surface tension and which have a weak surface tension? An example of a liquid that has a unique, strong surface tension would be H20, water! Research suggests that water has a high surface tension because of their unique hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds have, without a doubt, the strongest intermolecular attractions. According to Science Buddies in the article Measuring Surface Tension of Water with a Penny, water “molecules at the surface experience a net force pulling them inward” (2007).
As carbon dioxide is released into the water through the respiration of the crayfish it is converted into carbonic acid shown below. CO2 + H20 H2CO3 As more carbon dioxide was released into the water surrounding the crayfish the water became more acidic. We could then measure the amount of CO2, by measuring the amount of a basic solution, in this case sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to neutralize the acid. We used the pH indicator phenolphthalein, which is colorless in acidic solutions and turns red in basic solutions. The more carbon dioxide in the water the more sodium hydroxide was needed to neutralize the solution.
With the use of this technique we placed chlorine, bromine, and iodine into solutions containing chloride, bromide, and iodide. In the reaction the free halogen (X2) oxidizes the other halide ion (Y-) and gets reduced by gaining electron(s). In table 3, chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent and iodine was the weakest oxidizing agent. Since chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent it will react more and the weak agent will react less. This explanation can be demonstrated in table 3 also because the results of the reactions demonstrates that chloride reacted more by the color of the product compared to the color of chloride in the mineral oil.
Too much water added resulted in a high viscosity and low elasticity. In order for the PVA and borax to turn into solutions, high temperatures were set. Room temperature was not enough to form solutions, which is why a stove was used. The borax solution was the cross-linking agent due to the formation of boric acid, which accepts the OH- molecule in the PVA solution. Hydrogen bonding linked the borax solution and PVA together.
Name: Alexis Savastano How Does pH Affect an Enzyme? Catalase is an enzyme that helps decompose the toxic hydrogen peroxide that is produced during normal cell activities. The products of this reaction are water and oxygen gas. The pressure of the oxygen gas in a closed container increases as oxygen is produced. Any increase in the rate of reaction will cause an increase in the pressure of the oxygen.
Chemical environment surrounding the carbons are different and therefore affecting the character of the hydrogens attached. This difference in chemical environment finally explains the different interaction between hydrogen and chlorine. Determination of percent yield, and relative reactivity data was processed after the products of the reaction were analyzed using Gas Chromatography. Percent yield was calculated for each isomer and determined to be; 5.94% for 1,1-dichlorobutane, 23.1% for 1,2-dichlorobutane, 47.1% for 1,3-dichlorobutane, and 23.9% for 1,4-dichlorobutane. The relative reactivity of the hydrogens H1, H2, H3 , and H4 were 0.37, 1.4, 2.9, and 1.0 respectively.
Even though the results under hexane and toluene are similar, the distances of original mixture, first and second fraction are different from hexane and toluene solvent because they have different polarity. As first fraction containing fluorene, which is much non-polar than fluoreone, fluorene in first fraction is much easier to carry by the moving non-polar solvent. Thurs, as the more non-polar the solvent is the longer distance that fluorene will move. Since hexane has larger non-polar carbon-hydrogen single bond groups than toluene, it is much non-polar than toluene. As the result of this, it can explain why the distance of fluorine in hexane is longer (1.3 cm) than the one in toluene (0.5 cm) and due to less non polar toluene has.