Bernstein Theory Essay

378 Words2 Pages
The theory of restricted and elaborated language codes was introduced by Basil Bernstein in 1971 (Bernstein, 1971), wherein he states that there is a fundamental qualitative difference between the speeches of working class and middle class, which arises mainly due to differences in social structure of the two classes. “The two classes use different ‘codes’ as there are differences in the principles, which underlie the particular choices they make in speech.” (Rosen, 1974, 101). Bernstein claims that there are two distinct varieties of language in use in society- elaborative code and restrictive code. The restricted code is rigid and characterized as grammatically simple and crude, contain unfinished sentences, repetitive, reflects dislocated presentation of information, and does not allow expression of abstract or hypothetical thought, whereas the characteristics for the elaborated code are flexible and grammatically more complex, use longer and more sophisticated sentences, logical and allows expression of abstract or hypothetical thought. (Young, 2002). The speaker of restricted code draw on background knowledge and shared understanding and can be found among friends and families and other intimately knit groups. Whereas, “the elaborated code spells everything out, not because it is better, but because it is necessary so that everyone can understand it. It has to elaborate because the circumstances do not allow the speaker to condense,” (Atherton, 2002). Elaborated codes are universalistic and context free (that is, it makes sense without the immediate reference to the context of utterance), whereas restrictive code is particularistic and dependent on the context (context bound) According to Bernstein (Bernstein, 1971), working class people and their children communicates in restricted code as a result of the conditions in which they are raised and
Open Document