Bernard Madoffs securities fraud

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Bernard Madoff’s securities fraud - Introduction: Bernard Madoff is a businessman and former chairman of the NASDAQ stock exchange. Madoff started his firm in 1960 as a penny stock trader with $5,000 (about $35,000 in 2008 dollars), earned from working as a lifeguard and sprinkler installer. Initially, the firm made markets via the National Quotation Bureau's Pink Sheets. In order to compete with firms that were members of the New York Stock Exchange trading on the stock exchange's floor, his firm began using innovative computer information technology to disseminate its quotes. After a trial run, the technology that the firm helped develop became the NASDAQ . At one point, Madoff Securities was the largest buying- and-selling "market maker" at the NASDAQ. Madoff's firm, which is in the process of liquidation, was one of the top market maker businesses on Wall Street (the sixth-largest in 2008),often functioning as a "third-market" provider that bypassed "specialist" firms and directly executed orders over the counter from retail brokers. The firm also had an investment management and advisory division that is now the focus of the fraud investigation. - Securities fraud : Madoff was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on December 11, 2008, on a criminal charge of securities fraud. Fraud occurs when a wrongdoer deceives another person out of money, property, or something else of value. Four elements are required to find a fraud: 1- The wrongdoer made a false representation of material fact. Madoff used Ponzi Schemes which is a fraudulent investment operation that pays returns to investors from their own money or money paid by subsequent investors rather than from profit. The Ponzi scheme usually offers abnormally high short-term returns in order to entice new investors. The perpetuation of the high returns that a Ponzi scheme

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