Renal Calculi, more commonly known as Kidney Stones, is a common diagnosis pertaining to the urinary system. These stones are formed by small salts and minerals in the urine and are unable to travel to the urethra which can cause extreme discomfort. Some symptoms of kidney stones are frequent urge to urinate, vomiting, blood in the urine, and back/abdomen pain. The kidneys are a major organ in our body that continually filter and balance the fluids, although when minerals and electrolytes in the body become unbalanced a kidney stone will typically occur. Hypernatremia- is a high amount of sodium.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Congestive Heart Failure or CHF is a severe circulatory congestion due to decreased myocardial contractility, which results in the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs. In general, causes can be classified according to the following: a. Volume overload may cause the right ventricle to hypertrophy to compensate for added volume. b. Pressure overload usually results from an obstructive lesion, such as COA c. Decrease contractility can result from problems such as sever anemia, asphyxia, heart block and acidemia.
It is converted to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying enzyme in the blood, by a red blood cell enzyme called methemoglobin reductase. Because infants under that age of six months have little methemoglobin reductase in their systems, an excess of methemoglobin, or methemoglobinemia, can be fatal if left untreated. Excessive nitrates in drinking water can adversely affect children’s health, sometimes causing blue baby syndrome. When ingested, these nitrates are converted to nitrite in the digestive system; these nitrites react with the hemoglobin in the blood, forming high amounts of methemoglobin. Since methemoglobin cannot carry oxygen, if enough too much of the enzyme is in the blood, the infant’s tissue and organs may be deprived of oxygen.
Causes of transient hypoglycemia are Inadequate substrate Immature enzyme function leading to deficient glycogen stores Causes of persistent hypoglycemia include Hyperinsulinism Defective counter-regulatory hormone release Inherited disorders of metabolism (eg, glycogen storage diseases, disorders of gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation disorders—see Inherited Disorders of Metabolism) Deficiency of glycogen stores at birth is common in very low-birth-weight preterm infants, infants who are small for gestational age (SGA) because of placental insufficiency, and infants who have perinatal asphyxia. Anaerobic glycolysis consumes glycogen stores in these infants, and hypoglycemia may develop at any time in the first few days, especially if there is a prolonged interval between feedings or if nutritional intake is poor. A sustained input of exogenous glucose is therefore important to prevent hypoglycemia. Transient hyperinsulinism most often occurs in infants of diabetic mothers and is inversely related to the degree of maternal diabetic control. It also commonly occurs in physiologically stressed infants who are SGA.
ECF potassium levels affect resting membrane potential. Hyperkalemia (excessive levels of potassium in the blood) and hypokalemia (abnormally low blood potassium levels) both affect the function of nerves and muscles. • Explain how hyperkalemia will initially affect the resting membrane potential and the generation of an action potential. The resting membrane potential is based on the polarization of the cell. If there are higher levels of potassium, then the resting membrane potential will be less than normal and an action potential will be not likely with the same amount stimulation.
The cause of the brain cells dying and the deterioration of the connectors is not fully known. Vascular dementia is a form of dementia caused by damage to the brain through deprivation of oxygenated blood. Causes are preventable and include high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes and high cholesterol. Rarer forms of dementia are Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Biswanger’s disease. 1.2 Types of memory impairment Whilst long term memory loss is experienced, short term memory loss can cause more problems, although it is not the same in every case.
Like many illness, there are different classifications of DI. Central Diabetes Insipidus is the most common. Damage to the pituitary gland causes a disruption of the standard storage and release of ADH. Another form of DI is Nephrogenic DI. This is the result of the kidneys being incapable of responding to ADH.
Answer the following questions. 1. What could have caused Myelin’s disease? Well, they may be driving at Multiple Sclerosis, for a bonus point, this is more prevalent at high lattitudes and there is a possible negative correlation with vitamin D levels. Other causative factors include lack of EFAs, whereby the body strips EFAs away from the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves to preserve the levels in the brain itself.
The mutation in CFTR causes the cells to be unable to handle sodium and chloride correctly. This causes cells in affected organs to have a problem in the way sodium and chloride travel in and out of cells. This causes the mucus outside the cells to be too thick, as in the airways of the lungs (Kenny,
Describe the mechanism(s) by which strokes occur. Cerebrovascular Accident- condition in which brain tissue is deprived of blood supply. The most common stroke symptoms are: • Numbness or weakness (paresis) of the face, arm, or leg, sometimes only on one side; • Confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech (aphasia) • Trouble seeing • Trouble walking or dizziness; loss of balance or coordination (ataxia) • Severe headache with no known cause 1. Ischemic stroke (~83%)- blood vessel supplying brain tissue is blocked by a blood clot a. cerebral thrombus b. cerebral embolism 2. Hemorrhagic stroke (~17%)- A blood vessel breaks open, causing blood to leak into the brain 3.