By two years old, children begin testing and exploring this idea. Three year olds understand visual perception and the concept of hiding objects. By the time a child is four, they understand that people can have incorrect thoughts about the world. In opposition to the traditional understanding that babies and young children learn and think differently than adults, Gopnik suggests that babies and young children use the same learning methods as scientists. They “observe, formulate theories, make predictions, and do experiments” (Gopnik, 237) to learn about people, objects, and their surroundings.
How and why Bandura’s research on imitative aggression can be relevant for parents. Purpose of this report: • summarise Bandura and briefly explain his experiment on imitative aggression • identify the findings on imitative aggression • beneficial effects of Bandura’s research for parents Background Albert Bandura is a Canadian psychologist, working at Stanford University in USA, where in 1961 he and his colleagues conducted well known and influential Bobo Doll experiment on a group of ninety-six children of age between 3 and 6. The purpose of this experiment was to examine if children would imitate aggressive actions carried by another person or character. Moreover, Bandura wanted to find out what factors would influence children’s behaviour thus he divided children by gender (Oates, 2012, p.109) and introduce them to three different variations: a real-life person, a human-film person, and a “cartoon”-film person, which were called ‘models’ (Assignment Booklet, 2013, p.11). Also, models in first two groups were divided by gender.
The experiments Bandura, Ross and Ross created four separate experiments to see if the children would imitate the acts of aggression shown to them, using what they called a “bobo doll” as the trigger object, a large blow up doll, something like a Kelly toy. Heavy at the bottom, so it rocked on its base. The children were placed into four separate groups and observations took place. The groups were split into the following ways; * Group 1 -An adult model, both male and female, would physically hit the bobo doll and make suggestive remarks towards it, such as “kick him” and “throw him in the air” * Group 2 - The children were shown a film with the same acts of violence towards the doll from people * Group 3 - Another group of children were shown a film whereby a person was dressed as a cat, showing acts of aggression towards the doll * Group 4 – The children
General Principle of Social Learning Theory 1. People can learn through observation. I n his famous "Bobo doll" studies, Bandura demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. The children in Bandura’s studies observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed.
For this writing assignment I have visited a few toy stores (Toy House, Toys R Us) recently to do Observational and Descriptive research on gender role development in the boys and girls sections for ages 4-7 years of age. In the next few paragraphs I will be describing and sharing what I have observed on the differences between the boys and girls sections. Compared to what I remember and seen as a child myself. Some of the things that I noticed right away in the boys sections were that about 70% of the toys were louder and made many different sounds. Some of these sounds were that of fire truck sirens, play toy guns, and action figures that spoke words.
This is a short summary of the results of the research by Bandura and colleagues in 1963 known as the ‘Bobo doll studies’ (Oates 2012). Some of these outcomes are produced in a table contained in the Assignment booklet (The Open University (2013)) which shows the average number of aggressive acts performed by children towards a blow up doll. The chart shows 5 variants on how each group of children saw the role model perform the aggression towards the doll. These variations were a real life male and female model, a filmed male and female model, and where no model was used so no aggression shown to imitate. I make three main observations: 0 If the role model is of the same sex then generally the imitative aggression increases.
After Graduating, he took his first post at Stanford University in 1953 where he has worked ever since. In 1963, along with his colleagues Dorothea Ross & Sheila Ross they set up an experiment to investigate whether aggressive behaviour would be imitated by children. This was done by observing them under different circumstances, recording the results and analysing them. (Investigating Psychology, Open University 2010 page 109) The Experiment The experiment consisted of 96 children with an equal split of boys & girls, ranging from the ages of 3-6 years and was conducted on an individual basis. The group was divided into 4 equal groups; * Group 1 – Observed a live model behaving aggressively towards a blow up doll * Group 2 – Observed a film of a live model behaving aggressively towards the doll * Group 3 – Observed a film of a cartoon model behaving aggressively towards the doll * Group 4 – Observed NO aggressive behaviour towards the doll The experiments were carried out in the same
It will then briefly describe Piaget’s theory by providing an overview of the four stages of cognitive development which include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational, before presenting two of the most common criticisms of his theory. Finally the essay will conclude with a brief summary of the points discussed. Prior to the development of his theory, Piaget worked for Albert Binet, a psychologist who was working to test the intelligence of both adults and children. During this time Piaget’s role was to conduct tests on children. His interest in children’s cognitive processes developed when he started to notice that children of similar ages made the same kinds of mistakes on test questions.
The report aims to: • Summarise the findings of Bandura et al (1963) on how children imitate aggressive behaviour that they have observed by another person in real life or in the media. • Give advice to parents of children on how violence observed by children in real-life or in the media can affect how children imitate this aggressive behaviour and how they should protect their children from such behaviour. Background Bandura et al (1963) carried out a research study with the aim of exploring the extent to which children imitate aggressive behaviour that they have observed carried out by another person (a model) in real life or in a film. Ninety-six children (equal number of boys and girls) aged between 3 and 6 years old were divided into four equal groups: Group 1 Each child was individually exposed to a real life person behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Half of group one saw a male model and the other half a female model.
The child gets to explore the treasure basket by dropping, picking, banging, looking and sucking the objects. This activity will have the child using all five of their senses which are touch, taste, smell, hear and sight. Second setting: D1. The setting I have chosen is a nursery school. D2.