You would have to rely on the patient giving you the information for it not is socially desirable or have demand characteristics. On the other hand, it is better than individual differences as people may have the same thought patterns and processes. You can only obtain this information by self reports, which would probably give both of those issues; social desirability and demand characteristics. These would affect your results and therefore they would not be reliable or valid. If you were using the cognitive approach you would only get qualitative data which could be a problem as not everyone interprets the same answer in the same way.
One reason a valid experiment may produce null results is a. the range of levels in the independent variable was insufficient to show an effect. b. the dependent variable reflects a broad range of performance. c. that the experiment is conducted in an environment that is too difficult. d. that reactivity occurs in the participants (e.g., they adopt the role of “good behavior”). 7.
Review Questions - 2: MGMT 3101 (For Final Exam) Section I: (True or False) 1. Hypothesis testing is a procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory used to decide whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement and should be not be rejected or is unreasonable and should be rejected. 2. An alternate hypothesis is a statement about a population parameter that is accepted when the null hypothesis is rejected. 3.
CONFOUND: A confound means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variable EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES: Variables that naturally exist in the environment that may have some systematic effect on the dependent variable DEMAND CHARACTERISTIC: Experimental design element or procedure that unintentionally provides subjects with hints about the research hypothesis DEMAND EFFECT: Occurs when demand characteristics actually affect the dependent variables HAWTHORNE EFFECT: People will perform differently from normal when they know they are experimental subjects PLACEBO: A false experimental condition aimed at creating the impression of an effect PLACEBO EFFECT: The effect in a dependent variable associated with the psychological impact that goes along with knowledge of some treatment being administered CONSTANCY OF CODITIONS: Means that subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments COUNTERBALANCING: Attempts to eliminate the confounding effects of order of presentation by requiring that one-fourth of the subjects be exposed to treatment A first, one-fourth to treatment B first, one-fourth to treatment C first, and finally one-fourth to treatment D
At the individual level it is recognizing and reflecting on an issue that restricts one’s abilities and experiences, then taking action to change the issue for themselves and others affected (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). The key objective of praxis is through reflection to incorporate theory, practice and art to aid in the recognition and valuing of diverse types of knowledge (Kilpatrick, 2008). Praxis plays an integral role for the APN and there should be a solid foundation of understanding. There are several benefits for APN’s use of nursing praxis; it influences the relationship the practitioner develops with patients, their families and colleagues. Moreover, it provides the opportunity for change, personal nursing theory and knowledge development through self-reflection.
Overall, the presentation of the results were poor. The authors leaned more toward winning favor of the reader through not providing clear results. The case study presented was inserted creating biased favor toward the use of Family Therapy (FT) where numbers were void. Critique of Discussion: Numbers 1, 2, 4, 7, and
Bias in research- refers to beliefs that interfere with objectivity Placebo effect- a fake treatment, an inactive substance like sugar, distilled water, or saline solution can sometimes improve a patient’s condition simply because the person has the expectation that it will help them. Research Methods (*Study Chart, p.19) Case study-an in depth analysis of one person
Supposedly, the switch was to create operational diagnostic criteria’s, which is seen as more consistent than ones based on clinicians descriptions. The shift in the DSM paradigm was not based on scientific information or the recognition of disorders by their biological causes. It was due in part to politics and discord in the psychiatric field the government’s involvement with research and policy making in mental health. Insurance companies demanding proof of diagnosis and that treatment are necessary and pharmaceutical companies needing an avenue to push their products. The DSM has been unreliable in helping clinicians consistently diagnose patients, 2e children remain victims of the diagnostic system which can lead to misdiagnosis thereby children are prescribed dangerous
And on the interactional level, medical professionals diagnose and provide treatments. During the 1970's, the term medicalization crept into the social scientific literature. It has come to have more subtle meanings. A number of case studies of the medicialization of deviance were published in the 70's on hyperactivity in children, mental illnesses, child abuse, and alcoholism as a disease. Medicalization of deviance takes the actions that are considered socially deviant and classifies them as a sickness.
Abstract Stress in nursing is prevalent in healthcare system; the impact on patient care and other important aspects of nurse’s life is serious. Cognitive strategy was claimed to be the effective intervention toward the problem but evident did not reflect its validation. Stress management 3 Introduction Stress in nursing places patients at risk and threatens nurse’s wellbeing. Various strategies were revealed to have positive outcome on managing the issue but cognitive technique was claimed to be the effective one among the rest which is unlikely to be the fact as it has no concrete data to its validation. Background Stress in nursing is problematic as it affects the quality of patient’s care and, the impact of nurse’s burnout could be serious.