| | | A) | endoplastic reticulum | | | B) | microtubules | | | C) | cytoplasm | | | D) | mitochondria | | | | | | Feedback: The cell's chemical processes take place in a semifluid material called the cytoplasm. This material provides an ideal environment for organelles because of its fluidity. | | 7 CORRECT | | This shows an example of endoplasmic reticulum. What is the significance of its structure? | | | A) | provides a location for DNA production | | | B) | helps decrease surface area | | | C) | allows selective permeability of cell membrane | | | D) | facilitates breakdown of chemical bonds | | | | | | Feedback: The pleats and folds of the endoplasmic reticulum provides a large surface area where cellular functions, such as breaking chemical bonds, can take place.
There are many molecules within cells and organisms that must have complimentary shapes that fit together in order for them to carry out their function. One type of molecule for which this is extremely important is enzymes. There are two models that demonstrate how this may work, the first of which is the lock and key model in which the substrate and enzyme binding site have complimentary shapes so that the substrate or subtrates fit perfectly into the enzyme, which joins or separates them. The second model, the induced fit model, is similar, however the enzyme moulds its shape to match the substrate. There are many processes in which it is important that these shapes fit, for example DNA helicase, RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase must all have the correct shape in order for DNA strands to separate, mRNA to form and DNA to then rejoin during polypeptide synthesis.
7. The figure to the right shows that injection of M-phase cytoplasm into an oocyte triggers the cell to enter mitosis. What would be the expected effect on cell division if cytoplasm from a G2-phase cell were injected into an M-phase cell? A. DNA replication would begin again. B. activation of all cyclin-CDK complex in the cell.
Growth hormone stimulates growth and therefore it is particularly important during childhood. It is also important in adulthood because it enables protein synthesis and cell growth to take place. This is vital in the restoration of body tissue because proteins are fragile and must constantly be renewed. This constant restoration of vital proteins is part of the body’s natural recovery process. Growth hormone is secreted pulses during the day but a significant amount is released during.
They convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. Located in the cytoplasm, they are the sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cells activites. Mitochondria are also involved in other cell processes such as cell division and growth. A typical animal cell will have 1000-2000 mitochondria, so the cell will be capable of producing a high amount of available energy. Some cells have more energy that others, your fat cells have lots more mitochondria because they store a lot of energy.
The amino side chain most encountered to this reaction are valine,lysine and arginine which lead to the formation of Schiff bases at the rate proportional to concerntration to sugars which undergoes amadori rearrangement to form a stable glycation end-product (brownlee et al., 1988) which accumulates in long lived tissue proteins causing cross linking and develop inflammation and thickening of basement membrane leading to complication like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and atherosclerosis
B. Discussion a-galactosidose is an enzyme which is active in lysosomes. A-galactosidose “breaks down a molecule called globotriaosylceramide, which consists of three sugars attached to a fatty substance. This molecule is degraded as part of the normal recycling of old red blood cells (erythrocytes) and other types of cells” (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene=gla). Do animals fart?
Bio 1102 Human Biology Key Terms to Know Linkous gene a section of dna that codes for a specific protien genes instructions for building a certain protein dominant allele that is present in genotype is always expressed phenotype the way a gene is expressed genotype the genetic make up of an organism What is the normal number of times mammalian cells double/divide? 60-70 artery thick walls, high blood pressure, move blood away from the heart tolerance •Involves down-regulation and enzymes ▫The liver releases enzymes into the blood stream to break down substance X ▫When substance X is constantly introduced into the body: –The liver produces more enzymes –The cells (typically brain) make less receptor
Exam 1 Review Pg. 10- Planning phase provides time to obtain special equipment for interventions. Pg. 13- 5 Rights- meds can be given ½ hr before or after written order (depending on last meal) Pg. 25- metabolism is also referred to as biotransformation because it involves the biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite.
The energy for this process is supplied by the hydrolysis of ATP using the enzyme ATPase and a specific protein channel in the membrane. Active transport is the movement of substances from where they are less concentrated to where they are more concentrated. It is undertaken by carrier proteins in cell membranes, which move specific molecules or ions against the concentration gradient using energy supplied by ATP. Cells have many adaptations to allow them to facilitate active transport; they may have carrier proteins in the cell surface membrane designed to transport particular molecules or ions or possess many mitochondria to supply the required ATP. Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP and protein carriers to move the molecules across the membrane.