Difficulty with reading and writing If a child is having problems with reading and writing this could cause concern. This could be recognised, as a child would be at a delayed rate to the rest of his/her peers. This could affect the child’s /young person’s behaviour/social development...Low self esteem and loss of confidence may be a result. With peers of the same being more advanced ridicule and bullying may result Learning to communicate is one of the main skills a child needs to help them develop in all areas. They can quickly fall behind from peers of the same age.
This is a big influence on student’s educational achievement as they do not have enough money to buy the necessary equipment for school such as revision guides. Also, if a student comes from a poor background, the house is more likely to be overcrowded. This means that they do not have a quiet place to study and do their homework which puts them at a disadvantage. Thay may not be able to afford educational trips etc. this is known as cultural deprivation.
Payne stated that students should learn the “hidden rules” of the middle class from their educators so that they have another set of rules to use if they choose to do so. Impoverished students, compared to students of middle or upper class, often have a lack of proper funding, thus, a lack of appropriate resources to use in their education. Due to this, they are often unprepared for school, not having the money to purchase books and other educational tools. Both authors realize this, but argue that the responsibility lies on different shoulders. Payne states that impoverished students face inequality at school, insinuating that the school should be responsible for helping to provide for these students so that they can have a better education.
One factor for the working-class under-achieving is that the working-class families are less likely to give their children toys that are educations, stimulating their thinking and reason skills. Another factor is that they are also less likely to read to their children also. These theorist believe that this effects the children’s intellectual development so when they begin, they are immediately at a disadvantage when compared with the middle-class children Secondly, another factor that is seen as responsible for the working-class to be under-achieving is known as “restricted speech code”. A sociologist called Bernstein has distinguished speech into two: “elaborated speech code” and “Restricted speech code”. The middle class are said to use the elaborated speech code , this tends to be a wide range of vocabulary and complex sentences.
Cultural deprivation means when children are deprived from things what they need. This can include the lack of values and support they get from their parents, which can influence on socialisation skills. It can be argued that due to lack of family structure, social cultural and soft skills pupils are less likely to underachieve. Cultural deprivation is a theory that many working-class children are inadequately socialised and therefore lack the ‘right’ culture appropriate for a successful education. Many people argue that development is vital in the younger years in the child’s life, and the ability to solve problems and apply ideas help in the long-term.
This is called the ‘conflict’ view. Class has an effect on childhood as generally if a family is poor, the children are more likely to have a poor upbringing.
2.2 Any form of prejudice and discrimination can have a severe negative effect throughout a person’s life. Being undervalued by peers can make a person feel isolated and lonely. A child’s confidence and self esteem will become less and less the more they are discriminated against. They will start not wanting to be involved in activities, stop putting their hand up to ask questions. This in turn will affect their learning and ability to interact.
However, not only just the pupils are labelled, the knowledge they are taught can also be labelled. Nell Keddie (1971) found, both pupils and knowledge can be labelled as high or low status. Moreover, streaming separates pupils into different ability groups that are taught separate things for all subjects. Studies show that the self-fulfilling prophecy is most likely to occur when children are streamed. Working class pupils tend to be labelled negatively and teachers tend to see them as lacking ability and therefore have low expectations of them hence they will be in the lower stream.
A child with sight impairment is unable to learn by watching and copying either peers or teachers. A child with any sensory impairment may need longer to get used to their surroundings. 2.2 There are also lots of external factors that are likely to affect the child’s development. These include; Poverty ad deprivation The Family environment and background The child’s care status/ looked after care Children from wealthy families are more likely to achieve better rather than children from poorer families. This is often because parents from poorer backgrounds are less likely to meet the child’s educational needs.
* Ethnic beliefs and customs. * Marginalisation and exclusion. Some children/young people experience problems to learning as a result of their ethnicity, social group, race or culture. Children/young people from lower social-economic backgrounds and/or specific ethnic and social groups are more likely to underachieve and this can sometimes lead to disaffection, marginalisation by others and in some cases, exclusion from the learning environment because of an inability to behave appropriately. CYP 3.7 (1.2) Explain the importance and impact of poverty on outcomes and life chances for children and young people.