Species-specific amino acids can also trigger revision of the function of a given beta-adrenergic subtype. With the understanding of the beta-adrenergic receptor structure, along with the beta-adrenergic subtypes, orally administrated beta adrenergic-agonists have been created to mimic the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the fight or flight response (Buchanan-Smith, 2013). Beta-agonists will promote muscle growth while decreasing fat deposits in cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep. These changes to carcass composition are very complex, while the main effect is the attachment to the beta-adrenergic receptors. There are other possibilities of changes, such as the release of other hormones, change in the nervous system’s control of feed intake, and modifications in blood flow.
It is thought that these brain differences cause differences in the behaviour of males and females and could provide insight into the cause of gender dysphoria. The suggestion is that pre-natal hormones cause atypical brain development in the foetus and the child’s brain develops in a way that is not consistent with its genitalia and chromosomes. A strength of the brain sex theory is that it has supporting evidence, Kruijver (2000) carried out a post mortem analysis of
When the nicotine in a cigarette is inhaled this activates nicotinic receptors in the brain which leads to a release of dopamine in the NA. This creates a sense of pleasure however this sensation of the nicotine is rapidly broken done by enzymes in the liver and removed from the bloodstream so within hours this pleasure sensation is replaces by low moods and reduced concentration. According to the biological model people with certain genes may find it harder to stop behaviour once it has started. There is no single gene responsible for this, however a number of genes have been linked to playing a role. This has been shown in research done by Noble et Al in which a gene DRD2 responsible for the D2 dopamine receptor, to severe alcoholism.
Homeostatic Imbalance/Unit 8 Assignment William Thornbury Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology SC121 Instructor: Eric D. Steelman, DHSc(c), MPH, MS, RLATG 10/17/14 Homeostatic Imbalance The endocrine system helps regulate and maintain various body functions by synthesizing (making) and releasing hormones, chemical messengers. The major areas of control and integration include responses to stress and injury, growth and development, absorption of nutrients, energy metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, reproduction, birth, and lactation. The endocrine system is composed of glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream for chemical signaling of target cells. Typically, the body synthesizes hormones in one part and transports it to another through the bloodstream or lymph. Endocrine glands have a rich blood supply through which hormones travel to reach their target organs.
The peripheral nervous system, also part of the nervous system, transmits information to and from the nervous system. The biological approach also suggests chemical processes in the brain are responsible for many different psychological functioning for example, chemicals such as hormones. Imbalances of certain hormones affect behaviour. The approach states that the female hormone oestrogen gives females caring and gentle characteristics while the male hormone testosterone is linked to aggression. This hormone was investigated by Dabbs et al, where testosterone levels in prisoners where compared to the level of crime committed.
Human Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that women use to cause ovulation and treat infertility. Men use this hormone to increase their sperm count. Young boys can also use this hormone if their testicles have not dropped into the scrotum normally. This infertility, low sperm count, and testicles not dropping properly can be caused by a pituitary gland disorder. hCG effects the hormone LH (Luteinizing hormone) and the target tissue is the ovaries in women and testis in men.
adrenal medulla/adrenaline * Paracrine - that secretes hormones that affect adjacent cells e.g. gastric mucosa/gastrin/gastric pits. * Autocrine – regulate their own avtivity by the secretion of hoirmone e.g. interstitial cells of testis/testosterone Each target cell in the body is regulated only by those hormones to which it has receptor molecules , and not y others.different cells may respond in different ways to the same hormone – the transduction machinery of different target cells ‘reads’ the hormone signal in different ways. Blood hormone concentrationare usually governed by negative feedback control – a reduction in concentration stimulates additional secretion and an increase in concentration inhibits further secretion.
Biological causes include lack of hormones or testosterone in men. Diabetes attacks the blood vessels and nerves reducing erection because not enough blood can flow to the penis. Obesity, high cholesterol, and plaque in the arteries play a part of erectile dysfunction. Fatigue, depression, drugs, alcohol reduces the desire for sexual activity in both men and women. Heart disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries and medications affect orgasmic functions and men women.
Going back to the example of DHEA, which “is a naturally occurring androgenic pro-hormone, similar to Androstenedione [and] it is produced naturally by the adrenal glands in both men and women” as David Murphy concludes in his medical article, IWI Nutrient Report-DHEA. He also suggests that “when it enters the body, it is then converted into the naturally occurring hormones such as estrogen and testosterone”. It may seem that this enhancer may contribute to the continual production of necessary hormones that human body needs but, considering the
Hormones and the menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by many different glands and the hormones they produce. A brain structure called the hypothalamus causes the nearby pituitary gland to produce certain chemicals, which prompt the ovaries to produce the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone. The menstrual cycle is a biofeedback system, which means each structure and gland is affected by the activity of the others. The four main phases of the menstrual cycle are menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase. Menstruation Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body through the vagina.