Adolescent Alcohol Use, Smoking, Delinquency and Antisocial Behavior: an Ecological Perspective

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There are a number of behavioral problems which can occur in an adolescent. These include substance use, alcohol abuse, smoking, juvenile delinquency and antisocial behavior, depression and suicide, sexual risk taking, and eating disorders. The key to treating existing problems and protecting against the occurrence of such problems is to identify the risk factors (Santrock, 2012, p. 426). The ecological theory, which was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, approaches risk causation and the development of protective mechanisms with respect to these behaviors by examining the influence of five environmental systems on adolescent development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem (Santrock, 2012, p. 21-23). This model places the adolescent in a circle surrounded by concentric circles each representing a system of changing and interrelated contexts which interact with the environment through multilevel and mutually influential circles located on the inside and outside. Alcoholism Studies have shown that risk of initialization and escalation of drinking is related to exposure to others who drink. In particular, adolescents whose parents and friends drink are more likely to develop favorable risk images relating to alcohol use and are less likely to perceive alcohol use as a risky behavior (Gerrard, 2008, p. 46; Burk, 2011, p. 9). It is not even necessary for the parents to be users or abusers of alcohol themselves. When parents are aware of alcohol use by their adolescent children, but do nothing about it, the adolescent will interpret the lack of parental control as consent and approval of the conduct (Luthar, 2008, p. 608). Likewise, exposure to movies (the adolescent’s macrosystem) which provide favorable images of people who drink, have a similar effect (Gerrard, 2008, p. 46). Movie characters are also frequently shown drinking

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