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The Applications of Nanotechnologies Products Have Caused the Huge Improvement of Science
The Introduction and Origins
People since many centuries have unwittingly employed the technology that we used until now. It is nanotechnology that we have observed through the development of science and technologies for example in making steel, paintings and in vulcanizing rubber. Each of the process involved a randomly determined sequence of formed atomic ensembles mere nanometers in size, and is distinguished from the chemistry that they don’t rely on the properties of individual molecules.
The first mention of some of the distinguishing concepts in nanotechnology (but predating use of that name) was in 1867 by James Clerk Maxwell when he proposed as a thought experiment a tiny entity known as Maxwell's Demon able to handle individual molecules. The first observations and size measurements of nano-particles was made during first decade of 20th century. They are mostly associated with Richard Adolf Zsigmondy who made detail study of gold sols and other nanomaterials with sizes down to 10 nm and less. He published a book in 1914. He used ultramicroscope that employes dark field method for seeing particles with sizes much less than light wavelength. Zsigmondy was also the first who used nanometer explicitly for characterizing particle size. He determined it as 1/1,000,000 of millimeter. He developed a first system classification based on particle size in nanometer range.
There have been many significant developments during 20th century in characterizing nanomaterials and related phenomena, belonging to the field of interface and colloid science. In the 1920s, Irving Langmuir and Katharine B. Blodgett introduced the concept of a monolayer, a layer of material one molecule thick. Langmuir won a Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work. In early 1950s, Derjaguin and Abrikosova conducted the first measurement of surface forces. There have been many...