Sports and Aggression

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Do competitive team sports (e.g. rugby, baseball) encourage or defuse aggressive behaviour? Sports are all around us. They appear in almost every society and affect many aspects, ranging from social development, entertainment to culture, moral values and even international relations (Frey 1991). As they are so closely related to our daily life, it is worth exploring their current trends and implications. “Sports violence”, including both “crowd violence” and “player violence” (Coakley & Dunning 2000), has become more common over the past few decades, especially in competitive team sports like rugby and baseball. In some countries, this is even regarded as a critical social problem, which raises the question of whether competitive team sports encourage or defuse aggressive behaviour. Before answering this, definitions of certain terms need to be clarified. “Competitive team sports”, in a broad sense, means “games done in groups which involve competition, i.e. winning and losing”; whereas “aggressive behaviour” is generally referred to as “violence” or “actions that cause negative impacts on others” (Sports 2004). Competitive team sports encourage aggressive behaviour for three main reasons; the first reason is aggressive behaviour in sports is inevitable, the second is winning always involves aggression, and the third is sports have close relationship with daily life. However, some people may hold an opposite opinion that aggressive behaviour is defused by competitive team sports. First of all, the rules of most of the games require body movements to a certain extent, which make aggressive behaviour unavoidable. In football, one of the eleven players of the team has to shoot the football to the goal in order to get a point. To do that, the players have to pass the ball to their fellow teammates until they reach or are near to the goal. During the process, they
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