The interaction of nature and nurture is clearly described in social learning theories. A behavior is observed and learned, and the individual responds to their environment using learned behaviors and their own judgment on the situation. 2. Which theories emphasize the impact of early experience on development? Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory consists of eight stages and describes the impact of early experiences and experiences over the lifespan from childhood to adulthood (Cherry, 2013).
Cognitive development is how and when we develop and use mental abilities and changes that occur in mental abilities throughout our life span. The new outlook of cognitive capabilities on infants was mostly initiated by a Swish Psychologist named Jean Piaget. (1896-1980). Piaget’s theories on development of cognitive abilities were 1st translated into English in the 1920’s. Researchers have tested and advanced his theories and many existing views in cognitive psychology are based on Piaget’s theories.
Though Loevinger does not specifically address the preverbal stage of ego development, other theorists agree that ego begins in infancy with the recognition of self. Loevinger believes early childhood to be continually stuck in impulsivity as self-expression; generally speaking, the impulsive stage is egocentric. The child is dependent, demanding, and the ego needs solely the satisfaction of one’s own needs and wants. The impulsive individual looks only to the present, not the past or future, and classifications are quite simple and generalized such as “good” versus “bad” or “mean to me” versus “good to me” (2006). The impulsive stage is followed by the self-protective stage in which an individual understands that it is in their best interest to follow rules most of the time.
Explanations of Adolescent Identity Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Biologically speaking this period begins when the individual enters puberty and ends on reaching sexual maturity, where as psychological changes include social, emotional and cognitive ones with no clear beginning and end. Erikson, 1980, believed that it’s human nature to pass through a genetically determined sequence of psychosocial stages referred to as the 8 stages of man, spanning the whole lifetime. Each stage involves a crisis between two conflicting personality outcomes, one of which is positive while the other is negative. Erik Erikson believed that crises during stages of life need to be resolved before moving on to the next stage in order for healthy development.
Erikson for his theory of psychosocial development, who believed that personality develops in a series of stages. However, each author has their own view regarding the educational implication of the various processes, as well as, the role of various environmental components. The following articles (Horn 2009), will attempt to support and the educational implications of each theory. The articles highlight the major theories, research and opinions of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erik Erikson’ on how children develop and learn. The first article by (Webb 1980) talks about Piaget belief that within each person there is an internal self-regulation mechanism that responds to environmental stimulation by constantly fitting new experiences into existing cognitive structures called schemas developmental stages in teaching.
Even if the conflict of a certain stage is or is not effectively resolved, the person is influenced by both genetic motivation and the strains of society in subsequent stages. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development reflects upon how the development of personality from childhood to adulthood is influenced by outside factors, parents and society (Boden, 2010 ). The following are the eight interconnected stages Erikson believed all humans must undergo over
Psychosocial theory states that we all have a variety of identities that are combined to make one coherent vision of self. In this theory our social and personal identities are linked, due to the fact that we need others to view us the same way over a period of time. Psychosocial theorists believe that adolescence is a time of psychosocial moratorium as young people will try various identities until finally committing to a clear vision of who they are. In other words the adolescent has achieved ego identity. Role diffusion is how Erikson defined the failure to achieve ego identity (Phoenix, 2007).
Humans develop throughout their life span, while Freud said that our personality is shaped by the age of five. Erikson’s eight stages of personality development are characterized by basic life conflicts. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that served as a turning point in development. Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.
Because behaviourists do not concern themselves with internal events such as emotions or thinking, behaviourists focus on the external observable and measurable behavior and use detailed, accurate research formulae in order to explain and predict the relationship between a stimulus, the response the reinforcement of behaviours. B. F. Skinner’s version of behaviourism (1904-1990) had the greatest influence on the development of school curricula and the educational theory in general. His theory used three elements namely stimulus, response and reinforcement, to typify the interaction between the environment and an organism. a stimulus -that causes
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. According to Erikson’s theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. These eight stages, spanning from birth to death, are split in general age ranges. Erikson’s Stages of Development 1. Infancy: Birth-18 Months Old Basic Trust