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Cytokines are a group of proteins and peptides that are utilized in organisms as signaling compounds. These chemical signals are similar to hormones and neurotransmitters and are used to allow cells to communicate. Cytokines are released by many types of cells. They are especially substantial in both inherent and adaptive immune responses. There are many types of cytokines involved when the immune system in fighting pathogens. One type is called the TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) cytokines which stimulate inflammatory action and phagocytosis. TNF’s are secreted by macrophages. Another type is the Interleukin 1 (IL1). These cytokines stimulate the production of white blood cells and are discharged by the macrophage. There are also the IL2 cytokines which activate antibody synthesis, lymphocyte mitosis, secretion of other cytokines, and are used for B-Cell growth and differentiation factors. IL2’s are produced by B Cells, Cytotoxic T-Cells, and Delayed Hypersensitivity T-(DHT) Cells. Additionally there is the Interferon (INF) molecules which are a T-Cell derived mediator that activates the Macrophage to the infected sight. INF’s are sent out by Cytotoxic T-Cells and DHT Cells. Lastly are the Type I and II cytokines, secreted by the Helper T-Cells, which tell T- and B-Cells to make antibodies. Due to their central role in the immune system, cytokines are involved in a variety of immunological, inflammatory and infectious diseases. However, not all their functions are limited to the immune system, as they are also involved in several developmental processes during embryogenesis.
The Major Histocompatiblity Complex (MHC) molecules are the most gene-dense region of the genome and play a substantial role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and even reproductive success (DNA). MHC antigens are the principal determinants of tissue type and transplant compatibility. They are the most diverse genes in humans and are used to determine if a sample of DNA comes from a...