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Collective Bargaining, in labor relations, negotiations between employers



and employees about terms and conditions of employment. The bargaining



process is concerned with wages, working hours, fringe benefits, job



Security, safety, and other matter relating to working conditions. Any or all of these may be the subject of consideration. Besides representatives of management and unions, private mediators and government officials sometimes participate, especially when a major or vital industry is involved. Collective Bargaining, which began in Britain in the 19th

Century, is now a crucial part of the union movement and an accepted practice in many industrial nations.



Union-Shop Agreement, in labor relations, a clause of a collective bargaining agreement where the employer enjoys the right to hire persons without regard to their membership or nonmembership in the labor union that represents the employees with the provision that the person so hired must become a member of the union after a specific period. During World War II ,the preservation of membership clauses provided that no employee must join a union as a condition of employment but that those who did voluntarily join must remain members in good standing for the duration of the contract. Since the amendment of the National Labor Relations Act by the Taft-Hartly Act in 1947, the union -shop clause has become prevalent, replacing the maintenance of membership clause and the illegal closed- shop clause. Under the law, a union- shop clause can require employees to join the union not sooner then 30 days of their employment or the date of the union contract. No employee may be fired for lack of good standing in the union for reasons other than failure to pay regular dues and initiation fees.



Collective Bargaining...