It demonstrates the effect that discipline and parenting styles can have on a child. Social Learning Theory recognises children as being more engaged in their leaning and stresses the importance of role models, stating that children can learn by simply observing others. Constructivism somewhat downplays the role of social experiences in favour of biological influences and suggests that children are independent agents of their own learning, not overly influenced by parents and teachers. Finally, Social Constructivism argues that the key to learning and development lies in the social interaction with peer groups, rather than merely observing others. Behaviourists believe that the environment in which a
Rice also conducted an experiment and found that parental mediation enhanced children’s learning from watching Sesame Street. A study that supports the role of parental mediation is Fogel’s study. The study shows that parental mediation is important for children to learn pro-social behaviour because after discussing the moral message with an adult, children showed much more pro-social behaviour in relation to tolerance and friendship than the control group. Another study that supports parental mediation is Rosenkoetter’s study in 1999. The study showed that parental mediation is important for children to learn pro-social behaviour because they help the children to understand the moral message behind the pro-social programmes which allow and made the children more pro-social in their actions and behaviours.
We provide a soft, cushioned area so that children can develop themselves physically without risk of hurting themselves. The theorist who theory is language development is B.F. Skinner. His theory is that children use cognitive behaviour when understanding and giving communication. They will use trial and error to get the right words out until they succeed. He believes that children observe adults and other children for the correct way to communicate and repeat the actions they have seen until they get it right.
Piaget’s theory of learning is sometimes referred to as a constructivist approach because he suggested that children constructed or built their thoughts according to their experiences of the world around them. Piaget used the term ‘schema’ to refer to a child’s conclusions or thoughts. He felt that learning was an ongoing process, with children needing to adapt. Piaget’s belief that children develop schemas based on their direct experiences can help us to understand why young children’s thinking is sometimes different from ours. Piaget also suggested that, as children develop so does their thinking.
Kohlberg developed this theory from interviews with groups of young children and their responses to “moral stories”, which were then coded into Kohlberg’s stages. The first two moral stages are under the first level, which is labeled as “pre-conventional”. This level is concerned with external and concrete consequences of an act for one’s self, and moral decisions are based on egocentrism and self-interest. (Muuss, 181) Stage one is known as Heteronomous Morality, and can be ultimately described as reasoning based on either attaining a reward, or avoiding punishment, where good and the bad are defined by obeying or disobeying set authorities and rules. Stage two is called individualistic, instrumental morality.
This can affect planning as practitioners may have to think and plan activities for children where there is a possibility that positive and negative reinforcements can be put into action in the setting, for example; praising the child when they have achieved and giving children time outs think about what they have done ‘Skinner divided the consequences of actions into three groups; Positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers and punishments’ (Tassoni, P, et al, 2007: 84). Albert Bandura’s social learning theory states that he believed children’s; parents, family, friends and teachers should be powerful role models and figures for children to imitate, for example; behaving in a way that promotes acceptable behaviour in the setting. This can affect the planning and provision of learning opportunities for children in a setting as practitioners will have to plan activities and experiences for children that will enable them and will encourage them to socialise and communicate with other children and staff ‘In social learning theory Albert Bandura (1977) states behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational
In an attempt to explore a fairly under researched subject, researchers Bigelow and La Gaipa looked at the differences in children’s understanding of friendship at various stages of development. They created a unique means of investigating the gradual changes in the understanding of friendship as children grow older. In doing so they helped to shed new light on the important role that friends play in children’s lives. In addition another researcher was also interested in this subject: William Corsaro. However, Corsaro was interested in how children talk to each other and believed that research on children’s friendships should focus on children’s individual understanding of the word ‘friend’.
Playing and learning in children’s education E1/A In (appendices 1), the Nursery World article written by Fisher. J (2012) talks about how the role of the practitioner should plan for a balance between adult –led learning and child –led learning. This means that the adult needs to observe children closely to see how they are developing. When the practitioner stands back during child-led play, they can gain lots of information about a child, how they use their environments and resources. This helps to meet their learning needs if the practitioner then uses this information to plan the next steps.
Period 2 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg came up with a theory about the development of children’s moral reasoning. In his theory, there are three levels and six stages of moral development. What children do to a certain extent for his or hers life is based upon their actions. Kohlberg classified these reasons according to levels of moral development. Kohlberg is a stage theorist.
I will look at different types of play which need to be provided for child's learning and development. Play is all about learning and it is important to help to learn about emotions, relationships, feelings of satisfactions, enjoyment and happiness and imaginations. Also important aspect of this essay will be the parents approach to play and their influence on children play behaviour, which will be discussed. There are many varieties of definition of the word 'play', as it all dependant on the persons own experiences. What could be a play for some, may not be play to others.