In 1993 Scragg et al. (cited in Mitchell, 2009) discussed the association with co-sleeping and mothers who smoked. The study showed that infants who spent a long period of time in the same bed as their mother who smoked, were at a higher risk of SIDS. Although Mitchell (2009, p.1714) does go on to state “that bed sharing is the problem, and not just the characteristics of the
Describe and evaluate Ainsworth's work on attachment (12 marks) In 1978 Ainsworth et al studied the reactions of young children to brief separations from their mother in order to determine the nature of attachment behaviours and types of attachments Ainsworth’s procedure is known as the strange situation. In the study she conducted she use controlled observation infants were exposed to a sequence of 3 minute-episodes. The total observation period lasted for approximately 25 minutes. First the infant and mother were introduced to the observation room by the researcher, then the researcher left the room. After a while a stranger entered and had a brief conversation with the mother.
Berger found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double-bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. However this evidence might not be reliable, as patients recall may be affected by their schizophrenic. Other studies are less supportive. Liem measured patterns of parental communications in families of schizophrenic children and found no difference when compared with normal children. Expressed emotion (EE) involves high levels of negative emotion (e.g.
Discuss cultural variations in attachment (12 marks) Studies have shown cross cultural similarities in attachment.Tronick et al Studied an african tribe from Zaire who live in an extended family group. The infants were looked and breastfed by many different women but usually slept with their own mother at night. Despite such differences in child raring practices, the infants after 6 months still showed one primary attachment. Research has demonstrated that the Strange Situation can be used for infants in different cultures and that method shows similarities in attachment types across cultures. Van ijzendoorn and kroonernberg conducted a meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 different countries.
The study was conducted on 46 women (mean age 31 years) recruited from one suburban midwifery practice and two obstetric practices in the northeastern United States. Participants underwent wrist actigraphy at home for 7 consecutive days to measure sleep quality. The Postpartum Depression Screening Scale measured depression severity. Women with postpartum depression experienced poorer sleep quality than women without postpartum depression. Sleep is very important for good health and especially for mothers who just gave birth.
Drawing from research conducted at the various children’s homes where Anna was housed after her isolation, Davis investigates and elaborates on how Anna quickly began to manifest a slower than normal rate of social development. However, Davis also explained how interpreting Anna’s scores on what were standardized tests could be misleading, given the fact that the child was brought up under very unusual circumstances. Just before Anna’s death at the age of ten, her condition was examined again and the results were very promising. She had learned to conform to group socialization, developed toilet and eating habits and had even begun to develop speech. These findings led Davis to wonder whether Anna had an inferior capacity for social development or whether her isolation had simply not allowed her to realize her social
Trouble concentrating, sleeping, and feeling “jumpy” are classic signs of the disorder. These symptoms, she also experienced as a child. ADHD is usually diagnosed in children but many times, children with ADHD become adults with ADHD. It is possible that Marla went undiagnosed as a child. The history of this patient would support this diagnosis.
In older infants and toddlers the coughing is followed by an intake of breath that sounds like a whooping noise. Infants younger than six months do not take make the whooping noise but are at risk for exhaustion. Vomiting following a round of coughing is common in children. Patients in the third stage, convalescent, have coughing that may last for weeks if not treated. Symptoms of this infection usually occur within 7-10 days of being exposed.
“Older pregnant women are 37% more likely to report drinking during pregnancy than younger women” (Ager et al., p. 1813, 2010). Ager and colleagues conducted a study examining the impact of maternal age on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on attention, memory, and cognitive ability. A longitudinal study was conducted on pregnant inner city African American women living in Detroit, MI. The women were interviewed at each prenatal visit to determine the amount of alcohol they had consumed during that period and how frequently. The children were not tested until age 7 as they would now be school aged and required to use cognitive functions.
There were not much studies conducted on the identity aspects of runaway kids, but studies such as mental health status of runaway adolescents (Khurana, Sharma, Jena, Saha, Ingle, 2004), psychosocial background and behavioral and emotional disorders of homeless and runaway youth (Feitel, Margetson, Chamas, Lipman, 1992), etc were conducted on the mental health problems and psychological problems that are faced by runaway kids. These studies state that runaway kids face a lot of problems like depression, various kinds of abuses, attempting of suicide, behavioral problems, etc. These problems can in turn affect their identity of self and their identity with others. A study was conducted in India on runaway adolescent boys to evaluate and assess the psychological problems between them and to determine the risk factors. The design of the study was cross-sectional and was administered at a child observation home for boys in Delhi.