Operant Conditioning University of Phoenix PSY/390 2011 Operant Conditioning The operant conditioning is a fundamental theory in psychology and is also known as instrumental conditioning. This theory emphasizes the use of consequences to alter certain occurrences and forms of behavior. Furthermore, learning is the outcome of rewards and punishments used as consequences for specific behaviors. B. F. Skinner is one of the most famous behaviorists who initiated the operant conditioning theory, and until today, most theorists refer to it as the “ Skinnerian Conditioning” to further their studies. Skinner established his theory from Thorndike’s earlier work and demonstrates that the most efficient way to understand behavior is by observing the causes of people’s actions, based on the effect of reinforcement or punishments.
The aim is to link responses and consequences that arise from the human behavior, how these behaviors relate directly to the environment that a human being is immediately placed. Applications of operant conditioning will be analyzed to bring to sense the main idea behind the theory. Introduction Operant conditioning, also referred to instrumental conditioning refers to a learning method through punishment and appraisal for a behavior. Operant conditioning enables an individual to be associated with a behavior and the consequences that come with the behavior. B.F. Skinner is the coiner of operational conditioning, this being the reason why it’s occasionally referred to as Skinnerian conditioning.
Operant Conditioning: An Overview Classical, or Pavlovian, conditioning is a process by which new emotional and glandular reactions develop in response to previously neutral stimuli in the environment. But classical conditioning doesn't explain how we develop new skills or behaviors instrumental in changing our external environments. That learning process involves what is typically referred to asinstrumental, or operant, conditioning. Operant conditioning describes how we develop behaviors that ''operate upon the environment'' to bring about behavioral consequencesin that environment. Operant conditioning applies many techniques and procedures first investigated by E. L. Thorndike (1898) but later refined and extended by B. F. Skinner (Skinner, 1938).
Behaviourist also believed behaviour can be changed by conditioning. During the progression of behaviourism, two learning theories were established to explain how different stimulus affected behaviour. These theories are: Classical conditioning was one of the first behaviorist model. The basic premise is behavior tendencies are in response to immediate stimuli. The theory identified that behavior which a naturally occurring or reflexive can be induced by pairing a stimulus with a response.
Conditioning Theory According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2009), “The ingredients necessary to bring about Pavlovian or classical conditioning include (1) an unconditioned stimulus (US), which elicits a natural and automatic response from the organism; (2) an unconditioned response (UR), which is a natural and automatic response elicited by the US; and (3) a conditioned stimulus (CS), which is a neutral stimulus in that it does not elicit a natural and automatic response from the organism. When these ingredients are mixed in a certain way, a conditioned response (CR) occurs.” In order for a CR to be produced, you must pair the CS and the US numerous times. The order in which they are presented is very important as well. At some point, the CS can be presented by itself and a response similar to the UR will be produced. Extinction On the other end of the spectrum is extinction.
Running Head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective [Name of the Student] [Name of the Institution] Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning also called respondent conditioning; packaging type I or Pavlovian conditioning is a concept of behaviourism proposed by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. This theory focuses on the learning achievements due to the association between stimuli of the environment and automatic reactions in the body. This notion of involuntary reaction is the main point that differentiates the operant conditioning. It is a learning theory that states that a natural, mostly innate, unconditioned reflex can be added by learning a new conditioned reflex. The assumptions and techniques of classical conditioning can also be used to treat anxiety, compulsive behaviours or anxiety-like symptoms.
Classical Conditioning is a form of learning in which living things respond to objects and how sensory stimulus transfers to another stimulus or in which a reflexive or automatic response transfers information from one stimulus to another. There are two types of stimulus; Unconditional Stimulus and Conditional Stimulus. According to Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), unconditioned stimulus produces unconditioned response, while conditioned stimulus produces conditioned response. He discovered two types of stimulus that affect behaviors of living things. In his studying the process, Pavlov came with four main principles of classical conditioning; acquisition, extinction, Generalization, and discrimination.
Pavlov/Skinner: Classical Conditioning * Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviourism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. * Behaviourism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. * It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex.
In any case, where you have “learned” to respond automatically to some sort of stimulus with fear, joy, excitement, or anticipation, you have been classically conditioned. In fact, a basic characteristic of classical conditioning, in comparison with another popular model, operant conditioning, is that the learning is automatic and non-conscious. Pavlov identified four basic components in this classical conditioning model: The unconditioned stimulus is the stimulus that naturally and instinctively elicits the target response, and the conditioned stimulus which comes to elicit the target response. The unconditioned and conditioned responses are a little trickier to identify in that they are often