These behaviors are internally motivated. Because his mother pacified his needs as a child with oral stimulus (such as food), Hank learned to seek out immediate gratification in the way of oral fixation. This led to nail biting, chain smoking, and excessive eating – because these fixations are more visible to outsiders but not to Hank, he finds other things to blame for bad relationships/interactions. This could reasonably lead to argumentative and aggressive behavior on Hank’s part. 3.
Milgram’s experiment tested how much pain people were willing to inflict upon others, simply because they were ordered to do so by an authority figure. In this behavioral study of obedience, the dependent variable was the number of shocks participants was willing to administer, thus illustrating to Milgram their level of conformity. The more shocks they administered, the higher the conformity level. The independent variable, which was tested through replications and variations of the experiment, was the prestige of the setting, proximity of learner and experimenter to the participant, and the gender of participants. Milgram set up his experiment at Yale University, in a lab setting.
Making Fun of an Audience In Mark Twain’s “Advice to Youth” satire is integrated into the text to make fun of an audience, even though he gives “…Didactic, instructive,” or “Good advice” (291). He criticizes the standard relationship form between children and their parents, specifically attacking the lack of humor between children and parents. When parents take things way too seriously when something “bad” happens which is not the best approach to solve minor problems that arise. Twain is skilled in many different art forms of language. He advises the reader to learn the same skill sets early on in life so that they can take advantage of the opportunities in front of them.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggests that acts of aggression are learnt through the observation of role models. His original “Bobo Doll” study showed that when exposed to aggressive behaviour small children copied this behaviour, not just by being physically aggressive but even copying the verbally aggressive behaviour. However this study focuses on children who are supposed to learn in this manner, this doesn’t demonstrate that this would also be true in older children or adults who already have a set moral compass that would interfere with copying aggressive behaviours. However Bandura’s later study showed that if children saw someone get punished for aggressive behaviour they were less likely to be aggressive themselves when they were allowed to play with the bobo doll but if they saw someone get rewarded for this aggressive behaviour then they were much more likely to act aggressively themselves, this shows that vicarious reinforcement is important to the learning of aggression through the social learning theory, as receiving direct positive reinforcement leads to people having high self efficacy making them very likely to repeat the aggressive behaviour that they were rewarded for. In terms of aggression this reward could come in many forms such as acceptance from a violent gang they want to be a part of or just attention from a parent or teacher.
They believe that securely attached infants would become autonomous adults; these know the importance of their past relationships and can recall positive and negative experiences. Those that had insecure attachments would fall into the dismissing or preoccupied category. They would see their childhood experiences as either unimportant and dismiss them or as important but cannot resolve issues. Using the AAI, Hamilton (1994) studied 30 adolescents and found a strong correlation between infant attachment type and adult attachment type. Similarly Steinberg (1990) found that securely attached adolescents were more likely to maintain healthy relationships with their parents than those classified as dismissive or preoccupied.
* Furthermore SLT suggests behaviour is most likely to be copied when it is reinforced. This reinforcement can be direct, for example praise for eating a certain food, or vicarious, for example seeing someone else receive praise for losing weight. * SLT will lead to the person having mental representations of eating behaviour and expectancies of outcomes associated with this eating behaviour. * SLT helps also explain the influence of the media, such as television, film and magazines on eating behaviour. There is also some evidence suggesting children’s toys like Barbie and Bratz may lead to children having an unrealistic image of an ideal body shape, and therefore lead to abnormal eating behaviours.
Sarah Meador ANT 110 Dr. Passariello 15 November, 2011 Analysis of “Amity and Aggression” In his article “Amity and Aggression: A Symbolic Theory of Incest,” Paul Roscoe makes an interesting argument about cross-cultural understandings of incest. His three overarching points in his paper include the following: firstly, that humans develop a sense of incest aversion as a result of close familial relationships that emerge during a child’s initial developmental years; secondly, that sexual relationships are biologically and culturally associated with acts of aggression; and lastly, that incest aversion and incest taboos have a biological foundation but are primarily the result of enculturated understandings of family, lineage, and kinship ties. Though his focus is primarily on the fact that incest is primarily an individualistic and malleable definition of certain (usually prohibited) familial relationships, dependent upon cultural nuances and social penalties, he also makes interesting connections to other disciplines. By framing incest aversion and prohibition in terms of a biological, psychological, and cultural reaction Roscoe creates an atmosphere of interdependence and universality among the disciplines. His analysis contributes not only to anthropological understandings of incest, but also provides insight into the seeming universality of human behavior, and subtly raises the larger theme that interconnectivity between ideas and explanations is necessary for a larger understanding of human nature and the workings of the world.
There are many theories into the cause of aggression. Many reasons why people suddenly become bad people. There has to be a reason why a normal person like you and me suddenly becomes 'bad'. One theory for aggressive behaviour is the social learning theory. Social learning theory states that we learn behaviours, including aggression, by imitating successful role models.
Spanking may stop the child then and there, but there’s a cost emotionally and cognitively to a child, and over the long run, it doesn’t usually lead to the child learning not to repeat the behavior that resulted in the spanking in the first place. It can also lead to the child learning to behave because of fear, not because of respect. (Cantu) Spanking a child results in them being afraid, and that hitting is the way you handle conflict. Instead, send a message to your child such as, “I love you and I can’t let you do that.” Children can learn best by mimicking their parents’ ability to control themselves, and parents can be models by using calm, firm and neutral discipline” (Cantu). Spanking is a form of abuse that people tend to turn a blind eye to.
Both Peterson and Wrangham believe that war and human violence exist because of inherited behavioral tendencies. These tendencies are the result of sexual selection where aggressive males typically dominant less-aggressive males, preventing them from mating and passing on their traits. Sure, we can see evidence of this in the Guido tribes of the northeastern United States, but due to rampant steroid use the chances for reproductive success are slim. Nonetheless, Wrangham and Peterson appear to suffer from monomania, as their argument for an inherent tendency towards violence seems to focus primarily on sexual selection as the driving force behind keeping the aggressive "gene" in our blood. While they conclude that pride is an integral factor in perpetuating violence, primarily among males, it does not prove that humans and chimps are biologically prone to violence.