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What causes lactose intolerance?

Lactose is a disaccharide, which means that it is composed of two other sugars bound together. In order for lactose to be absorbed, it must be split into those two smaller sugars. This split is performed by an enzyme called lactase, which is present in the lining of the small intestine.

If the levels of the lactase enzyme are low or absent, then that splitting does not occur. The lactose is fermented by the bacteria in the large intestine and this produces excess gas and stomach rumbling and leads to diarrhoea.

Lactase activity is high in babies and declines as the amount of milk in the diet decreases. Some people may have very low lactase levels but not have any symptoms. The reason for this is not known.

Who is at risk of developing lactose intolerance?

Most adults in northern Europe and North America are able to absorb lactose. However, the majority of the world's population is lactose intolerant.


People who have had major bowel or stomach surgery, or suffer from coeliac disease are often lactose intolerant until the underlying condition is treated.

Many people become lactose intolerant for a few days after they have had diarrhoea. This is because the lining of the small intestine has been slightly damaged by the disease, thereby reducing the production of lactase.


What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?


Stomach rumbling, abdominal distension and increased wind.

Diarrhoea.

Abdominal colic.

Nausea.


What can I do to help myself?


If you are suffering from diarrhoea, or have recently recovered, cut down on dairy products.


How is lactose intolerance diagnosed?

'The domestic method' - avoid eating foods that contain lactose for a couple of...