1.1 Explain the state of hypnosis My understanding is that hypnosis represents an altered state of consciousness, which could also be described as a different state of awareness. I believe that this altered state allows the hypnotherapist to communicate with the subconscious mind. I found out that the earliest evidence of hypnosis was found among shamans, who were also referred to as ‘witch doctors’, ‘medicine men’, and ‘healers’. The Hindus of ancient India used to take their sick to ‘sleep temples’ to be cured by hypnotic suggestion. Hypnotic-like inductions were used to place the individual in a sleep-like state.
However before Freud, there were other theories concerning psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud formulated his own theory of psychoanalysis in Vienna in the 1890s but before that, Freud was a neurologist interested in neurotic or hysterical patients and helping to find a treatment. He had become aware of the existence of mental processes that were not conscious as a result of his neurological consulting job at the Children's Hospital. He started to write about it and his first theory to explain hysterical symptoms was presented in Studies in Hysteria (1895), co-authored with Josef Breuer. As he became increasingly interested he received permission to study in Paris in the 1880s with Jean- Martin Charcot, a famous neurologist and syphilogist.
Thus, Alfred Alder received his medical degree from the university of Vienna in 1895 and got married in 1897 to a Russian intellectual and social activist whom he met during his university years. Even more, Alfred had different carriers, he began his medical career as an ophthalmologists but then he changed to general practice. Being in general practice and working with circus performers, he managed to study their unusual strengths and weaknesses. Those observations gave him an idea of his organ inferiority theory. This theory turned him to psychiatry where he joined Freud’s discussion group in 1907.
Hysteria describes a state of mind with unmanageable fear or excess emotion. Multiple past events conflicting with something severe can often cause this fear. Hysteria is often in relation to an imagined problem with a body part and often can cause a person to lose self-control due to an overpowering amount of fear. (Elaine Showalter) When Freud returned from Paris back to Vienna he established a practice in neurology and devoted his studies to the treatment of hysterical patients with hypnosis, a practice he picked up from Charcot. Under Dr. Joseph Breuer (his mentor) Freud began to study Breuer’s patient Bertha Pappenheim indentified as Anna O. Anna, who was twenty one years old,
In this paper I shall introduce Sigmund Freud’s theories of human development within psychoanalysis and describe how his theory of psychosexual development related to adult neurosis. I shall offer some criticisms of this theory and evaluate how this may aid a present day counsellor in their practice. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was a Viennese physician who developed his theory of human development by trying to help emotionally troubled adults. He was attempting from the start of his career to formulate a system of psychological therapy and was influenced by the psychological thought of the time and the cultural influences of that era, which were of Victorian moral standards and the presence of war in Europe. Freud’s theories broadly encompassed the issues of life, sex and aggression.
3. How have societal viewpoints concerning mental illness or health influenced human services over the past three centuries? In early history mental illness was once viewed as an evil spirit in someone, as time went on those with mental illness were put into an insane asylum where the women were chained to walls and the men were chained by the neck to one another. “by the 19th centuries, states began to separate people with mental illness and those with developmental disabilities” ( Woodside & McClam, 2011) now with the correct exams and diagnoses those with mental disability are put on the correct medication and offered assistance with their living needs. 4.
Hysteria sympytoms include confusion, paralysis, ailments, various pains and, loss of several sensations. Not until 1896 did Sigmund Freud propose a systematic theory that contained psychodynamics components for hysteria and those who struggled (Damour & Hansell, 2008; History of psychology, 2010). Based mainly on case studies, Freud stated an idea that variances amid one’s conscious and subconscious processes- thus, aiding in the explanation of one’s odd physical symptoms that are usually in relation to hysteria. Though several of these assertions are made by psychodynamic perspectives and show a lacking in scientifically impartial evidence, Freud still proposed that the field of abnormal psychology as a comprehensive theory in the aspects of
Clinical psychology is defined as “the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change” (Compas & Gotlib, 2001). While the field of clinical psychology continued to expand, psychiatrists remained working with patients noted to have severe mental illnesses. During World War I, the two intelligence tests Army Alpha (verbal skills) and Army Beta (nonverbal skills) were introduced, making assessment the key focus of clinical psychology (Compas & Gotlib, 2001). The America Association of Clinical Psychology was established in 1917; following the creation of The American Association of Applied Psychology (APA) in 1930. The APA
Theoretical Approaches to Psychiatric Nursing: The Tidal Model Happy Gilmore Theoretical Approaches to Psychiatric Nursing: The Tidal Model Contemporary theoretical approaches to psychiatric nursing reflect the disparate and often conflicting messages inherent in the medical models which have served as a foundation to much of psychiatric nursing in the twentieth century. Many of these theoretical approaches attempt to bridge the divide between the physical and social sciences, demonstrating the difficulty in developing a singular and specific theoretical model that is unique to psychiatric nursing alone (Boyd, 2008). However, although the medical model continues to dominate nursing, the evolution of theoretical approaches to psychiatric nursing practice begun by Hildegard Peplau (1952) with her seminal work Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, has both influenced the field's approach to providing positive and compassionate paradigms for patient care and shaped the theoretical aspects of the field. As such, Philip Barker's Tidal Model (2001) builds upon Peplau's focus on the critical relationship between nurse and patient to create an approach that emphasizes the importance of the patient's own narrative and lived-experience in developing a appropriate person-centered care plans. Using the metaphor of the tide to illustrate the "fluid nature of human experience" (Barker, 2001, p. 2), this theoretical model refuses to dictate a 'correct' course for human life experience, instead using the patient's own expectations for and articulation of need to dictate the nurse-patient relationship.
Origins of Abnormal Psychology The deinstitutionalization movement began in the 1960s where the number of psychiatric hospitals radically decreased and conditions for patients improved drastically (Hansell & Damour, 2008). “The blunt realities of mental illness shatter our most deeply held convictions about the nature of human consciousness and behavior. The mentally ill are more different than us than we can imagine and more like us than we care to admit” (Bosco, p. 131). Past methods of treatment used to help the mentally ill has faced a great deal of controversy in society and was clear during this era the methods previously used had negative results on both society and the patients. While in the early stages of the deinstitutionalization the methods were radical and released patients from hospitals most programs were not well thought out or implemented.