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"Education" was a State Subject in view of the following Entry 11 placed in List II ___ State List:-
"11. Education including universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III."

By the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act 1976, the abovesaid Entry was directed to be deleted and instead Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be suitably amended
so as to read as under:-
"25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour."

Thus, presently ‘education’ is a Concurrent List subject under Entry 25 of List III except for the subjects in Union List in Entry No. 65 and 66 of List I which gives exclusive Legislative Power to the Central Govt. for co-ordination and determination of standards in Institutions of higher education or research and scientific and technical institutions.

A.2 As part of Concurrent List Central Government is responsible for major policy relating to higher education in the country. In accordance with the provisions contained in List I Union List in Entry No. 65 and 66 the Central Government established University Grants Commission (UGC) by an Act of Parliament in 1956. It provides grants to the UGC and establishes central universities in the country. The Central Government is also responsible for declaration of Educational Institutions as 'Deemed to be University' as per Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956 on the recommendation of the UGC.

A.3 UGC serves as a vital link between the Union and State Governments and the institutions of higher learning. It discharges the Constitutional mandate of coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in the field of University and Higher Education. It also monitors developments in...