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Proteins made from ribosomes attached to the rough

endoplasmic reticulum enter the lumen of the ER and move

to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. A small vacuole

(vesicle) pinches off the smooth ER and carries the protein

to the Golgi apparatus, where it is further processed.

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Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner

membrane is folded to form little shelves, called cristae,

which project into the matrix, an inner space filled with

a gel-like fluid.

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A vacuole is a large membrane-enclosed sac that usually

functions as a storage area. Plant vacuoles contain not

only water, sugars, and salts but also pigments and toxic

substances. The pigments are responsible for many of the

red, blue, or purple colors of flowers and some leaves.

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The green pigment chlorophyll, found within the grana,

makes chloroplasts and leaves green. Chlorophyll absorbs

solar energy, and chloroplasts convert this energy into

ATP molecules.

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Chloroplasts carry on the process of photosynthesis, in

which light energy is used to produce food molecules, such

as glucose. Chloroplasts take in carbon dioxide, water,

and solar energy in order to produce glucose and oxygen.

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The energy-related organelles, chloroplasts and

mitochondria, convert one form of energy into another.
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