By establishing differences between psychiatry and psychology,how counselling and psychotherapy emerged from these disciplines becomes clearer.Psychiatry relates to the process of healing the mind through medical intervention.Psychology has its roots within academic study and research of human and animal perception.Psychoanalysis is ‘interested in exploration of the unconscious mind in order to cure’. [psychoanalysis-techniques]From Freud,,the seeds of contemporary counselling and psychotherapy practice were sown.The journey to it’s current position is neither rigid or fixed within it’s application of ideas.Perhaps becoming more apparent by viewing current practice as originating from the same tree root but realizing itself as different branches inevitably intertwining and overlapping.The position of many of the originators of psychotherapeutic theories were within psychology Nelson-Jones[2006]and their ideas permeated through to counselling and psychotherapy and discussed as follows: From my research I established the view that there are three main schools of thought.The psychodynamic;the humanistic-existential and the cognitive-behavioural schools.For the
Free association is where the client will be given a list of words such as ‘mum’, and then the first word that comes into their mind will be said. It enables psychologists to understand possible reasons why they may engage in challenging behaviour as they are witnessing their suppressed feelings. Dream analysis also helps psychologist’s reasons to understand this behaviour as dreams, they show unconscious symbols. Free association and dream analysis can once again be used through co8unciling although there has to be a large amount of trust between the individual and the practitioner. The psychological approach links to social care.
Hobson believes that because problems in our life are usually through interpersonal relationships, we should resolve these problems through a therapeutic relationship. The quality of the relationship is crucial for the effectiveness of the therapy. PIT consists of several interlinking components, of which include ‘explanatory rationale’ and ‘staying with feelings’. A potential strength of PIT is that it is just as effective if not more so than current treatments at improving depressive symptoms. Research support comes from Elkin, who found that when compared to CBT, PIT is just as effective at treating depression.
In this paper I shall introduce Sigmund Freud’s theories of human development within psychoanalysis and describe how his theory of psychosexual development related to adult neurosis. I shall offer some criticisms of this theory and evaluate how this may aid a present day counsellor in their practice. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was a Viennese physician who developed his theory of human development by trying to help emotionally troubled adults. He was attempting from the start of his career to formulate a system of psychological therapy and was influenced by the psychological thought of the time and the cultural influences of that era, which were of Victorian moral standards and the presence of war in Europe. Freud’s theories broadly encompassed the issues of life, sex and aggression.
The theory says that the child goes through a series of stages where the instinctive energy of the id looks for gratification in different bodily areas: the erogenous zones. If a child is deprived or over-gratified they may become fixated and this will have effects on adult behaviour. The stages are, the oral stage, lasting from birth to 18 months, id impulses satisfied by feeding, mouth is key focus, activities include sucking, then biting. An adults oral stage may be smoking or drinking. Anal stage, from 18 months to about three years old.
While this can certainly be helpful to a therapist working with a client it cannot be taken for granted as there could be other explanations for the client experiencing problems which I would like to develop further. Even though Freud called the developmental stages psychosexual, the sexual does not actually have anything to do with sex but with receiving pleasure. So in the first stage approximately during the first 18 months of a child’s life he is experiencing everything through his mouth and the stage is therefore called oral. The baby gets a lot of pleasure out of sucking at the mother’s breast and we can see that babies of that age are putting everything into their mouths. Freud also believed that fixation to a developmental stage happens if that child gets either tool little of too much pleasure throughout the duration of one particular stage.
The second stage is the “anal stage” this is the stage when the child derives great pleasure from defecating (Friedman & Schustack 2012). This is the stage of potty training. The third stage is the “phallic stage” in which sexual energy is focused on the genitals (Friedman & Schustack 2012). This is the stage where children start to notice their genitals and explore by touching them. The fourth stage is the “latency period” this is time “between the ages of 5 and 11 in which sexual urges
Beginning with the oral stage, it is commonly completed between a child’s birth until they are eighteen months old. At this age, the most interaction the infant will receive is through their mouth. During this stage, the infant experiences oral pleasure through eating, sucking and tasting. The infant can also develop a sense of trust through this oral stimulation because of their dependence on those who feed him/her. When the infant becomes aware that he/she is
Smoking, drinking too much alcohol and excessive eating have been linked to oral fixation in adults. Anal Stage · The anal phase is marked by the beginning of toilet training when the child is aged between 18 months and 3 years old. She must learn to control his bowel movements, along with other aggressive desires. At this stage, the child derives pleasure from eliminating and retaining feces and begins to realize the power this gives her over her parents. Freud believed that anal fixation results from parents being too strict with children during toilet training.
The Psychoanalysis Perspective Abstract. Sigmund Freud, the Father of Personality Psychology, highlights many theories in his writings. Most noted in this paper was the Psychoanalytic Perspective, which gives an in-depth view of determinism, the importance of conflict, early experience, infantile sexuality, and most illustrious the importance of unconscious motivation. This theory assumed that there exist three levels of consciousness in which the human mind functions. People did not come to accept his theory at first, but after much testing it was proven mostly valid and reliable.